Definite Integrals
Bridge Course, August 2012
Intuition
A definite integral is an integral
with a upper limit b and a lower limit a. Let f(x) be a function defined on an closed interval [a; b] on real line. The definite integral is defined to be the net signed area of the region bounded by the curve f, the x-axis, the vertical lines x = a and x = b.
Figure 1: Area bounded by y = sin x, x-axis, x = a, x = b
Definition
The fundamental theorem of calculus allows definite integrals to be computed in terms of indefinite inte-grals, since if F is the indefinite integral for a continuous function , then
Example MAXIMA CODE
Evaluate integrate(x, x, 0, 2)
Note that: The constant of integration does not affect the value of the definite integral.
Properties
Let f and g be two functions integrable on [a, b]. Assume a<b, then we have
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- , where the variables , and are called dummy variables
- For definite integrals, integration by parts is defined as follows
Examples
1. Find the area bounded by y = sin 2x, x-axis, and and
Area of the region: integrate(sin(2* x), x,-%pi,%pi)
Note that: If f is an odd function (i.e. f(-x) = -f(x) for all real number x), for odd functions.
2. Find the area bounded by , x-axis, and x = 2 and x = -2
By the definition of absolute value,
Therefore area of the bounded region: integrate(-3*x, x,-2, 0) + integrate(3*x, x, 0, 2)
Note that: If f is an even function (i.e. f(-x) = f(x) for all real number x), for even functions.
3. Find the area bounded by ,x-axis, and x = 2 and x = 0
By the definition of absolute value,
Therefore area of the bounded region:
integrate(%e ^ (1 - x), x, 0, 1) + integrate(%e ^ (-(1 - x)), x, 1, 2)
4. By using substitution u = 1 - x, evaluate
Let u=1-x. Then, and and
integrate((1 - x) ^ 5, x,-1, 1)
Exercises
- Evaluate integrate(cos(x)*sin(x), x, -%pi/2, %pi/2) )
- Evaluate find it yourself
- By using substitution , evaluate find it yourself
- Find the area bounded by , x-axis, x=-10 and x=10 find it yourself
- Find the area bounded by y=|x|, x-axis, x=-10 and x=10 find it yourself
- Find the area bounded by , x-axis, x=-1 and x=3 find it yourself
- Find the area bounded by , x-axis, x=0 and x=4 find it yourself
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